Project Title: Concurrent Engineering Video Lectures and 3-D eBook reading/study
Importance of Concurrent Engineering (CE) and Green PLM ( Product Lifecycle Management)
Author: Dhananjay Mahesh Bhati
Class: IE655 Spring 2017
Email: db377@njit.edu
Date: 14th February 2017
eLearning pack ID: IE655-Spring2017-18-18
Professor: Paul G. Ranky
Collaborating Companies
- SMTCL
- KENNAMETAL
- Niagara Cutter
- MITSUBISHI Materials
Virtual company name: Harit Disposal Solutions LTD.
Contents
- Introduction and Objectives
- Methodologies applied
- Main body of the project
- Study of CE/PLM Lecture and software demo videos
- What are CE and PLM?
- What is the difference between CE and PLM?
- What is green sustainable PLM?
- What is digital design and manufacture and why is this a huge opportunity?
- How is digital design integrated with digital manufacturing in PLM?
- What is front loading and why is it critical to understand the process?
- Questions from chapter 1, 2 & 3
- Social Networking
- Summary
- Further work needed
- References
1. Introduction
The aim of Harit Disposal Solutions LTD. is to provide an efficient and smart way to manage the waste generated by the Metalworking industry. Thereby helping keep the water and soil clean and recycle waste metal. Use of metal tools and finished products sustain the world around us. We are primarily focussed on designing methodology to improve the efficiency of separating the coolant liquids and oils from the metal waste. Traditionally, the metal waste has been disposed off in the landfills. While in the soil, the toxic liquids seep into the surrounding soil and contaminate the ground water and nearby soil.
Harit Disposal Solutions LTD. does continuous research on improving the centrifugation methods. Along with that, efforts are being made to come up with an efficient methodology for the recycling process to reduce the capital and energy spent on recycling. This recycling of metal waste reduces the amount of mining and refining done every day to meet the increasing global demand for metal.
Objectives
The main objective of this task is to read and comprehend the management ideologies provided in Chapters 1, 2 and 3 in the eBook and the videos included.
The concepts present are as follows:
- CE – Concurrent Engineering
- PLM – Product Life Cycle Management
A consistent improvement as far as useful necessities and client fulfilment is the primary goal of us at Harit Disposal Solutions LTD. These ideas will then be connected in our association. We will utilize these procedures to apply Sustainable, Green CE and PLM practices to the operations of Harit Disposal Solutions LTD.
2. Methodologies Applied
-
Eco-friendly operation.
-
Use CE and PLM principles throughout the entire process.
- PLM is a strategic business approach that applies a consistent set of business solutions in support of the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of product definition information across the extended enterprise, and spanning from product concept to end of life-integrating people, processes, business systems, and information. PLM forms the product information backbone for a company and its extended enterprise.
- By implementing this methodology, the speed of R&D and manufacturing process of the firm is increased thus increasing the productivity rate and the efficiency of the firm.
-
Maintain Quality and good customer relationship
-
Affordable cost for services provided
-
Implementing Lean technology and Six-Sigma
By implementing lean technology and 6 sigma in our firm, We have given more power to the employees and thus improving their mentality and productivity. By this implementation, the overall productivity increases, reducing non value added process and increasing value added process.
The main principles of concern for this project are as follows:
Total Quality Management (TQM): An approach for a customer-focused organization that involves all employees in continual improvement, include business improvement, quality improvement and overall customer satisfaction.
Concurrent Engineering (CE) with PLM: It is a way of doing tasks simultaneously . A method of designing and developing products, in a time effective manner .It decreases product development time and also the time to market, leading to improved productivity and reduced costs. Basically it is a parallelization of tasks.
3. Main Body of the Project
Study of CE/PLM Lecture and software demo videos
GIBBS CAM
1. What benefits of CAM Analysis can aid the design process of an automaker?
CAM helps design teams create computer models which it can use to simulate various tests. It gives the design team to try various scenarios and see how the parts interact. Some of the tests include mechanical tests, performance tests, and crash clearance tests.
2. How does CAM contribute to a greener product?
The use of CAM allows companies to test different vehicle in many different ways. It’s testing capabilities leads to reduced development costs, increased employee productivity, and minimizes warranty costs by improving quality in the car. Furthermore it allows the team to instill better quality in the product and analyze the product in different ways which result in a better overall design compared with conventional CAD based designing, clay prototyping, and real world testing. This allows the company to better utilize its resources.
3. What other process can CAM help with in product development?
CAM can be utilized by more than just the design team early in the product life cycle. This information can be easily passed along since it is electronic. It can be passed to the shop floor to verify manufacturing or design issues. It can be used the quality group to review customer complaints.
4. How important is it to create both the virtual and real prototypes to in CE based product development?
CAM a leads to a very good all around virtual prototype but designers still use the clay based prototypes for cars. There are many aesthetics related issues which might not be easily seen in CAM and it serves as way to generally verify the CAM model.
5. How does CAM help with concurrent engineering practices?
There are many different ways the tools of CAM can be used in various parts of the product life cycle. It can be argued that almost all of the processed involved with the PLM. One of the more important contributions is that it serves as a communication tool and a medium which the details of the car can be passed to the various groups. For example design engineers can send the CAM to the manufacturing engineers to verify that it will be possible to assemble a certain part. This can be quickly loaded by the manufacturing engineer and verified.
Land Rover Discovery P1 ViPodLx
1. What does four channel IBS system mean?
IBS system sensess four wheels individually and control four wheels effectively. At each wheel there is a speed sensor which control the functionality of the system.
2. What is traction control system?
When is vehicle is passing through difficult terrain such as ice, snow or muddy field, it has each wheel control system which can monitor the slip of each wheel based on IBS software.
If one-wheel loss the control, the traction system can even intervene at zero throttle.
3. What is Central differential system?
The transfer box attached to central differential system say in some circumstances the front wheel loss traction while climbing the steep hill and start spin and the system automatically detects and locks the front wheel and transfer torque to rear wheel.
4. What is the additional feature that controls slip?
Each wheel has toothed ring that counts rotation and information feed to ECU mounted in engine and then valve plug close to engine issues demands to integrate pump which generate pressure that applies brakes.
5. How does Discovery provide different braking pressure to the front and rear brakes?
Usually the rear brakes require lower pressure than the front brakes. This is usually achieved by mechanical valve sometimes with a linkage to the suspension system to monitor the load. In Discovery, with the IBS system developed, the mechanical valve is substituted by software alone.
Land Rover Discovery P2 ViPodLx
1. What is the active cornering enhancement?
It’s a system land rover developed for sports utility vehicles. Because the SUVs have a higher clearance, they tend to lean to one side as they negotiate a corner. this experience is uncomfortable for the passengers because unlike the driver, they have nothing to hold onto.
2. How does ACE (active cornering enhancement) system work?
This system requires a hydraulic pump which is controlled by the on-board controller. A piston pump which is engine driven, supplies pressure which is required to activate the system. This pump is connected to the valve block. The valve block directs the hydraulic pressure to the required parts of the vehicle and regulates the pressure.
3. How do the valves function?
There are two valves on the valve blocks which are connected to the electronic controls. These valves are activated depending on whether the vehicle is going left or right.
4. What’s the function of the pressure control valve?
It receives the signal from electronic signal unit and with that signal it generates the required pressure which corrects the body roll. That pressure is fed to the actuators.
5. What is an anti-roll bar?
It consists of a mechanical linkage. Its one arm is connected directly to the axle, which slips freely. Pressure can be supplied to either side of actuator’s pistons and it is connected to one end of the anti roll bar via a short lever. Depending on which piston is under the pressure, it provides an equal and opposite pressure to the axle. This action produces a restoring torque which is equivalent to the body roll
Marc Bauman Interview
1. What has Sam’s tours aspired to achieve in the last two decades?
They have tried not only to become a dive company but an eco adventure company as well. Everyday throughout the year, they’ve tried hard to incorporate sustainable practices both in their diving operations, kayak operations, retail, restaurants and everything else they do.
2. What are the challenges faced in creating a sustainable eco friendly place and marketing that?
The foremost challenge is living on a remote island in the middle of pacific. This makes getting things and products available a challenge, it has to be planned beforehand. To deal with this, many things are reused to that there’s not a lot of trash on the island and things are available. For example reusing lunch boxes and water bottles instead of cups.
3. How does the operation deal with the production of electric power on Palao?
Power generation is a big challenge. The work is ongoing in integrating the solar power with the grid. Australian market has funded several green and environmentally friendly projects such as solar heater for hot waters etc.
4. Does Palao face any issues with technological development?
Since it’s situated in the middle of the pacific, it doesn’t experience a technology invention or revolution everyday. Also, it’s difficult to get a handyman to fix any issues with the gadgets or something as simple as a street light.
5. How do they deal with the local legislation and implementation of technology?
Palao has some of the toughest shark and fishing rules in the world. They’ve managed to protect their resources in a way most other Island nations have failed. Sam’s tours have begun implementing technology by training the local population in sustainable practices. Because the native population has always lived in more traditional ways so sometimes there’s a little resistance. But they are slowly beginning to embrace it.
Kistler engine sensors
1. What are the pressure sensors used for in a diesel engine?
Pressure sensors are used in piston and combustion chamber. They measure the combustion pressure when the piston begins the combustion by mixing the fuel with air.
2. What’s the function of water cool sensor?
Depending on the data provided by the pressure sensors, in order to maintain a uniform combustion temperature, water cool sensor is used to provide maximum efficiency by maintaining a uniform temperature level.
3. How are the sensors calibrated?
Sensors are calibrated in a simulated environment. The combustion temperature reaches 2,500 degree kelvin so the water cooled sensor is placed to provide maximum efficiency. Water cool sensor is very precise and bulky so its important to place it with precision inside the engine.
4. How is the air getting into the cylinder determined?
It is important to know how much air is getting into the cylinders to determine how much air is available for the combustion. The sensors keep track of the air pressure at the intake manifold. They measure the pressure inside the intake manifold.
5. What’s the purpose of a sensor in an exhaust manifold?
The sensor in the exhaust manifold determines the airflow out of the engine. Due to high temperatures, the sensor is cooled by using a cooling and switching adapter.
I-BEAM ROLLER QUALITY
1. What are the compromises associated with lowering the cost of a product?
When one focuses on lowering the price of a product, the quality usually suffers. The company spends less time checking fewer units as it rushes to produce as massively as possible. Also, less money is pent on quality control. So products that leave the facility may not even be good for the well-being of a customer.
2. Why parts don’t function?
Parts of a machine don’t work because the manufacturer did not check the product before it left the facility. They may also fail because the process used to build the products is very manual. Manual production will mean that there will be great variability in the output and some products will work while others fail.
3. Why do companies export the manufacturing of their products?
Companies export the manufacturing of their products because of the huge cost savings. If a company can save money on their operational costs, they can pass that savings onto their customers. Because customers will buy their more cost effective product, the company will be leading in the market.
4. What are the cost to the manufacturer for low-cost products?
Since quality has been reduced in the production of the product, the manufacturer will lose credibility. His products will be known as very low costing goods, but also low quality goods. His reputation will be tarnished by his lousy products and it will be hard to build a more positive report with customers later on even if the quality of his products improve.
5. What customer service measures that the I-Beam roller company take?
There are almost no steps taken by this company to ensure the satisfaction of its customers. Dr.Ranky explained that the only thing to do is return the product to the manufacturer, which is a lengthily process that is not even worth the effort. Otherwise, there is nothing done by the company to ensure customer satisfaction.
Hexel Fanuk Okuma and Makino
1.What type of products does Hexel manufacture?
It manufactures five axis milling table.
2. How does the setup of machine work?
It adjusts y axis on table in the diagonal fashion, when we put the parts on the table touching on the edge finder and machine configure itself rather than putting parts towards machine.
Virtually reduces setup time and error.
3. What are the repeatability and accuracy value? Describe its movement?
Its repeatability is 5 to 10 microns and accuracy of 25 microns and capacity of 200 pounds.
The leg can adjust accordingly without movement depending on the requirement.
4. How does the machine program?
It doesn’t need program, basically it runs on GNM and robotic code and can adjust to any kind machine language.
5. How does troubleshooting work?
The modem comes with makino which can control error remotely and It can diagnose on screen itself and has four error reporting features. The cell system is unmanning which can operate by itself once loaded.
6. How does the dynamic scheduling system works?
The production order is set on priority basis have controller software’s and provides tool management also and thus improves efficiency.
Dynasim-EngmodelSim-ViPodLx
1. What is the main work profile of dynamism?
Dynamism design multi-engg modelling simulation software tool for automobiles. That can be used to simulate the dynamics of a full system such as a vehicle and based on the software we can create models that are from different engineering domains.
2. Which language does it use and its advantages?
The model is based on modelica language and its advantages are that it can be possible to control multiple systems at a time specially for automobiles i.e. mechanical, electrical, thermodynamics, powertrain, hydraulics, gearbox, pneumatics, wheel suspension and engine.
3. What is the best feature of this model?
It is an open model in which we can change composition and it will adapt to unique needs. It is equation based and we can change equation based on unique needs and very suitable if we want new designs.
4. How does it work?
It has predefined set of library through which it interprets i.e.
i) User models
ii) Modelica libraries
iii) Model parameters
All these are handled by symbolic kernel and then goes to experimentation section then plot and animation and finally reporting. Calibration are based on real engineering equations. It is possible to connect that model with other languages like matlab, Simulink.
5. Why modelica is considered as standard modelling tool?
It’s multifunctioning and dynamic simulation based on fundamental engineering equations can work in coordination with other languages also. That’s it is a benchmark for clients like BMW, Audi, Daimler Chrysler and Volkswagen.
MINI Assy VipodLx
1. What are some areas of waste in the MINI Assembly process?
The MINI assembly process that rely on human accuracy for quality. The manual aspects of the system takes longer time which slows production time. As seen in the video during the gasket and wire installation. If something is attached incorrectly that leads to improper seals it can create rework also leading to waste.
2. How does MINI incorporate quality in its manufacturing process?
MINI implements a few different techniques in the video to establish control on quality such as the power wrenches which keep track of the vehicle and how well each bolt was fastened. This data is tracked through the production process and stored. This data can also be used later for quality purposes or other reasons such as by the design team. For example, if there is a improper fastening then the design team may want to move or adjust the location of where the bolt is fastened.
3. What are some green aspects of the mini manufacturing process?
During the assembly process there is no halt time. The process is continuous and the car moves along the line at specific rates with tasks assigned either by individuals on the line or automated robots. This ensures no hang ups and takes full advantage of the capabilities of the resources put into manufacturing the car. Also the line is flexible in that it can produce different models of the vehicle not requiring separate lines.
4. What are some aspects of the MINI that show design for manufacturability?
The steps for producing the car are well thought out. In the video you can see the car is moving down the line with the outer frame painted and put together but the windshield is not installed. This allows the sunroof assist machine to enter through the front of the car and install it with proper clearance. This example shows that the MINI engineers have designed the car such that every component can be assembled with proper clearance and order of assembly set up such that it does not disturb anything already installed.
5. What are some ways the manufacturing process of the MINI can be improved?
It seems that the line could be more automated and have more controls to make it more flexible than it already is. Gasket application and wire installation can easily be performed by robots. In addition, the roof cardboard installation can also be done through the use of robots. This would help with quality because it can ensure it is performed the same way every time. Also the line can have more controls so it can sense which car is coming on the line and automatically install the sunroof without operator intervention.
Mini Body
1. How can using robots implement all the welding results in the highest quality of car?
The manufacturer or producer can ensure the higher level of accuracy by allowing robots to perform the welding. As we see in the system, the weld are the foundation of the vehicle and with using robots, the human error will be removed from this part of the manufacturing process. This will help to reduce the costs and enhance the quality of the car.
2. How the use of laser cameras can increase the quality of manufacturing process?
By using these laser cameras we can make sure that the geometry of the assembled car is absolutely correct and the final operation does not have defects which shows us the high level of quality in final product. These laser cameras also can be helpful for inspection of the vehicle to find the problems in the manufacturing process and correct them as soon as possible.
3. How does the ability of quickly replacing robotic parts can increase productivity?
The weld arms used on the robots are stored next to the production line. These parts can be easily removed and replaced by the expert engineers and come back to the line within less than half an hour. This will reduce the time of the production and allows the broken arm to be fixed offline.
4. What is the concept of working in groups?
It means to improve the quality workers and managers work together as a team. The workers have the opportunity to make changes if required. This concept will value worker’s input to improve the processes involved in manufacturing.
5. What are some areas of waste in the Mini assembly process?
The Mini assembly process has many manual aspects that rely on human accuracy for quality. The manual aspect of the system requires the line to move slower which reduce the production time. The most important factor in this assembly process is that if something attached incorrectly leading to rattles or improper seals can create rework also leading to waste.
Answers to the questions based on 3D eBook in the eLearning kit
1. What are CE and PLM?
Concurrent Engineering (CE) is a work methodology based on the parallelization of tasks. Concurrent engineering concept states that the preceding design activities should be occurring at the same time, or concurrently. Hence the concurrent nature of these processes significantly increases productivity and product quality and reduces the number of costly product design changes.
Product life-cycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire life-cycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. PLM is a strategic business approach that applies a consistent set of business solutions in support of the collaborative creation, management, dissemination, and use of product definition information across the extended enterprise, and spanning from product concept to end of life-integrating people, processes, business systems, and information.
2. What is the difference between CE and PLM?
3. What is green sustainable PLM?
4. What is digital design & manufacture and why is this such a huge opportunity?
5. How is digital design integrated with digital manufacturing in PLM?
6. What is frontloading and why is it critical to understand this process?
Questions and Answers from Ch 1, 2 & 3.
Chapter 1
1. What is the difference between traditional approach and TQM approach?
Total quality management has changed the traditional management style forever. It was a very radical movement those days. Some of these changes are radical even today. Few of these changes are discussed below.
- Traditional approach focused on internal activities. Products or services provided by organization were assumed to be good in quality, if this organization has done its best in producing that product or service. But in TQM, the ultimate decider of the quality is the customer.
- Traditionally people thought bad quality products are due to the workers who do not perform their job correctly. One of the major differences between TQM and traditional style is the assignment of the responsibility of the quality to the management.
- TQM is an organization wide movement. All the organization has to be in unity to apply TQM principles. TQM, unlike traditional management calls for high amount of team working.
- TQM believes in quality assurance rather than checking. Quality is inbuilt to the system, so that products are assured to be in good quality.
- Unlike in traditional management style, in TQM decision making is based on facts and figures. Therefore, problems are identified correctly, and solutions are well planned.
- TQM depends on cyclic thinking and is continuous. Therefore, improvements are small, stable and continuous in nature. This is also known as Kaizen.
2. How can we reduce the product lifecycle cost using green CE / TQM approach?
We understand that product is designed initially by understanding the customer requirements, then using CAM/CAM software to design the product, and finally manufacture on the machines. Here we usually generate a lot of waste. Waste are either caused due to bad quality products, leading to rework or dispose, or not having a green CE focus. If we start applying TQM principles in our manufacturing systems, and instead of generating waste, if we start to recycle those scraps, then we can reduce the produce life cycle cost greatly. Also we can reduce the environmental effect that are caused from such activities and work towards the conservation of environment.
3. What is TQM and what are its prime focus?
Total quality management (TQM) is an integrated a set of management practices designed to improve quality at every level. It is set to ensure the organization consistently meets or exceeds customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on:
- Produce quality work the first time
- Focus on the customer
- Have a strategic approach to improvement
- Improve continuously
- Encourage mutual respect and teamwork
4. Why is green sustainable CE/ PLM important?
Recently, due to overuse of resources and improper waste disposals, there have been adverse effects on the environment. Excess emission of co2 gas is also leading to global warming which ultimately lead to adverse effects on us. Hence sustainability is increasingly becoming a corporate and social responsibility of every manufacturer around the worldwide. The increasing political and social demand for a more sustainable society, coupled with emerging global legislation is affecting the way in which products need to be designed, manufactured, used and also disposed of.
This calls for sustainability to be created as an end-to-end continuous improvement program and monitor the entire enterprise planning, product development process and end-of-life. The value from the green CE and PLM system will come in terms of bringing discipline in the greener global product design, greener manufacturing processes & proper waste disposal.
5. What are rules for brainstorming designing products in CE company?
Brainstorming allows members of a group come up with different ideas. The following rules should be followed to make it as much effective as possible.
1. Objective has to be clarified and task identified.
2. Task should be sorted in logical order and time should be estimated to finish each task.
3. At the end resources should be allocated and entire plan reviewed.
Chapter 2
1. What are the eight quality management principles on which international and the US standards are based and why they are important?
Customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, process approach, systems approach to management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision making and mutually beneficial supplier relationship are the eight quality management principles. They are important to meet because they ensure that quality is kept through entire process, waste is eliminated and products satisfy customers.
2. Why do small and medium sized companies implement the U.S. Quality Standards (QS-9000)?
Small and medium sized companies which provide services to big companies implement QS9000 standards because they need to assure that the services provided by them meets all the quality standards.
3.Why customer focus is a very important TQM principle?
Customer focus is important for any company to create a good and innovative product and complex knowledge of customer needs is required. Customer focus increases loyalty among customers and helps to grow the business.
4. What are the most important elements of Process Approach Principle?
One of the most important elements in process approach is to lower cost and shorter cycle times which can be achieved by good control of resources. All activities should defined systematically, so the goals can be obtained. Another important element in process approach is to focus on resources, methods and material which helps to improve organizations.
5. Why continual improvement is critical to successful business?
Continual improvement is one of the most important principles. It allows companies to stay ahead of competition, lower cost of operation and improve designs of the products. Companies which are not constantly improving, they lose they edge and quickly can have financial and operational problems.
Chapter 3
1. What are the benefits of designing for a minimum number of parts?
If we create fewer parts, the cost of the product will be reduced. This is accomplished because fewer parts need to be in inventory and fewer parts are being manufactured. It is also easier to assemble or install products with fewer parts. Also with reducing requirements for maintenance and testing the cost will be reduced.
2. What is the goal of DFM?
DFM means Design For Manufacturing, which is a systematic approach to analyze each individual part and assembly and reduce waste. Any organization can use DFM to reduce the number of stages and setups required until the product is made. With using DFM, organizations can reduce their lead times, tooling and setup expenses. By analyzing each step in the manufacture of the product, the utilization of DFM will reduce the waste and save time and money in the overall assembly.
3. What do the terms MUDA, MURA and MURI refer to?
They are used in reference to KAISEN which is a Japanese technique referring to gradual product design and process improvement. MUDA is a type of problem that refers to waste from material, time, poor planning and poor manning. MURA is another type of problem that refers to irregularities, differences and variability’s caused by men. MURI also is another type of problem that refers to strain and stress that can be cause by poor work conditions or disharmony among the workers.
4. What are sustainable green design trends?
The trends in product designs are to eliminate waste and optimize processes. The important methodology used is Lean Six-sigma. The other important trend is to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their needs.
5. Who is Dr. W. Edward Deming?
Dr. W. Edward Deming is one of the “grandfathers of quality”. He was the person who implemented statistical methods in Japanese industry. He introduced the concept that higher quality means lower cost which was unknown idea to many managers. Managers before that believed that higher quality increases the cost.
4. Social Networking Articles
Would-Be Toyota Prius Prime Buyers Reporting Problems With Ordering & Dealers
This article brings out the misunderstandings between Toyota and its dealers across the US. Due to miscommunication, the dealers assumed that the 2017 prius prime wont be sold anywhere except for California and New York. They even informed the customers walking in that they shouldn’t expect prius prime models anytime soon. What’s interesting is that the company has already planned to ship some cars to the dealers in those areas. In my opinion, the company should’ve put out a notification with clear timetable of its plans. Because of this fallacy, people would be confused if the cars are really coming and this confusion may waver their decision of buying that car model.
Click here for the reference article.
Click here for the discussion.
Details On New Tesla Supercharger Usage Fees
Tesla has come up with the way of charging those customers without supercharging access. Till now the unlimited free supercharger access is available to new model S and model X vehicles. Every Tesla customer would have access to free 400 kilowatt-hours annually. This won’t be carried over to the next year however and each customer will be credited with it on the anniversary of their delivery. Customers will be charged when they use more than 400 kWh. The exact charges would vary by state and country. In north America, the users would be charged per kWh and in some countries they would be charged per minute owing to the local rules and regulations. Supercharging is poised to be simple, seamless and cheaper than the gasoline. Tesla desires it to be a fair system and not derive profits from it.
Click here for the reference article.
Click here for the discussion.
New York Bets On Renewables To Replace Indian Point Nuclear Plant
Indian point nuclear power plant which supplies electricity to the New York City is poised to close down, as announced by the New York governor. Environmentalists are divided on this decision. With some embracing it, while others lamenting the loss of a carbon-free source of power. Across the U.S. cheap natural gas is proving to be an economical alternative to the nuclear energy.
In contrast, New York is betting on alternative clean energy to fill the gap. It plans to cut carbon emissions by 30% by 2030. It aims to generate 50% power by 2030. New York has begun working on remaking its power grid to integrate renewable energy. Power lines are being constructed to supply NYC with wind and hydroelectric power. The reason to shut down the nuclear plants had been taken after reviewing the fact that Indian Point nuclear plan is just 40 miles from midtown Manhattan. And because of its proximity, it provides a parget for terrorists meaning to do harm resulting in a nuclear meltdown and radiation leakage.
Click here for the reference article.
Click here for the discussion.
5. Summary
The concepts covered in the 3D eBook and Videos include Product Lifecycle Management, Concurrent Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Computer Aided Manufacturing. They also covered areas of Total Quality Management and quality practices that can be applied to the operation of any organization improve on its efficiently and the quality of their products.
6. Further work needed/proposed
Now that a thorough understanding of the CE and PLM methods have been achieved, these concepts must be incorporated into S2S.Inc to make the company green, sustainable and eco-friendly.
7. References
- eBook for IE655 – Concurrent Engineering
- Videos from the eLearning pack
- http://www.cimwareukandusa.com/All_IE655/IE655Spring2017.html
Let’s create a cleaner and greener future 